Mapipi ezviputiro akareba, akasungwa machubhu anoshandiswa kune akasiyana ezvinangwa. Iwo anogadzirwa nenzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzinoguma neyechivhi kana isina kusununguka pombi. Munzira mbiri idzi, mbichana simbi inotanga kuraswa mune yakasarudzika yekutanga yekutanga fomu. Izvo zvinobva zvaitwa mumombi nekutambanudza iyo simbi kunze mune seamless tube kana kumanikidza iyo yemupendero pamwe nekuvasimbisa neWel. Nzira dzekutanga dzekugadzira pombi yechiimbi yakaunzwa mukutanga 1800s, uye ivo vakadzora zvishoma nezvishoma mumabasa emazuva ano tinoshandisa nhasi. Gore rega rega, mamirioni ematani emapipi esimbi anogadzirwa. Kuita kwayo kunoita kuti zviwedzere kazhinji kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa kunogadzirwa neindasitiri yesimbi.
Nhoroondo
Vanhu vakashandisa mapipi ezviuru zvemakore. Zvichida kushandiswa kwekutanga kwaive nevarombo vekare vekurima avo vakatsauka mvura kubva kuhova nezizi muminda yavo. Uchapupu hweArcheological hunoratidza kuti maChinese akashandisa pombi yekutakura mvura kunzvimbo dzavanoda kusvika 20 2000 BC ivha Mukati mezana ramakore rekutanga kushambadzira, mapaipi ekutanga anotungamira akavakwa muEurope. Munyika dzinopisa, machubhu marobhano akashandiswa kutakura mvura. MaColonial America vaishandisa huni nekuda kwechinangwa chakafanana. Muna 1652, iyo yekutanga mvura yemvura yakagadzirwa muBoston ichishandisa hombodo matanda.
Yakatemwa pombi inoumbwa nekudzikisira masimbi madhiri kuburikidza neyekutevedzana kweiyo yakadzoreredzwa inomhanya iyo inoumba zvinhu muchimiro chakatenderedzwa. Tevere, pombi isina kuvharwa inopfuura nekukanda magetsi. Izvi zvishandiso zvinosanganisira iwo magumo maviri emapipi pamwechete.
Pakutanga kwa 1840, vatariri vaigona kutobereka zvisingagumi machubhu. Mune imwe nzira, gomba rakarohwa kuburikidza nesimbi yakasimba, billet. Iyo Billet yakazopiswa uye yakakweverwa kuburikidza neyekutevedzana kwekufa kwakakura kuti aumbe pombi. Iyi nzira yaive isingakwanisi nekuti yaive yakaoma kuendesa gomba riri pakati. Izvi zvakakonzera pombi isina kufanana neparutivi rumwe ruchikura kupfuura iyo. Muna 1888, nzira yakavandudzwa yakapihwa patent. Mune izvi maitiro akabhadharwa akasimba akakandwa akatenderedza fireproof zvidhinha. Pakazorwazve, zvidhina zvakabviswa kusiya gomba pakati. Kubva ipapo hunyanzvi hutsva hwekudzora dzakatsiva nzira idzi.
Dhizaini
Kune marudzi maviri esimbi pombi, imwe haina seams uye imwe ine imwe yakasarudzika seam pamwero wayo. Vese vane zvakasiyana kushandiswa. Masevha asina kuchena anowanzo kuve akareruka uremu, uye ane madziro akaonda. Ivo vanoshandiswa pamabhasikoro uye kutakura zvinwiwa. Yakashongedzwa tubes inorema uye yakawedzera kuomarara. Iyo ine mukana uri nani uye kazhinji zvakananga. Ivo vanoshandiswa pazvinhu zvakadai segasi rekufambisa, magetsi emienzaniso uye plumbing. Kazhinji, ivo vanoshandiswa mune zviitiko apo pombi yacho isiri kuiswa pasi pesimba rakakura rekushushikana.
Zvishandiso zvakagadzirwa
Iyo yekutanga mbichana zvinyorwa mukugadzirwa kwepombi iri simbi. Simbi inoumbwa nesimbi. Dzimwe simbi dzinogona kunge dziri muuto hwacho dzinosanganisira aluminium, manganium, tungsten, Vanadium, naZirconium. Vamwe zvigadzirwa zvekupedza dzimwe nguva zvinoshandiswa panguva yekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, penda inogona kunge iri.
Pepa reSeamless rinogadzirwa uchishandisa maitiro anoyera uye kuumba billet yakasimba mune cylindrical chimiro uye obva yatambanudzwa uye yakatambanudzwa uye yakatambanudzwa. Sezvo iyo nzvimbo yeHollowed haina kujairika, yakavezwa piercer point inosundidzirwa nepakati pebillet.Mubhadharo wekuteedzera uye kuumba bhawa rakasimba. Sezvo iyo nzvimbo yeHollowed haina kugadzirwa zvisina kufanira, yakavezwa-buiza piercer point inodururwa kuburikidza neBillet sezvo iri kuyerera.Kuita kuti pombi yakachekwa. Kazhinji, huwandu hwakajeka hwemafuta hunoshandiswa kubaya esimbi pakupera kwetambo yekugadzira. Izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza pombi. Kunyange zvisiri zvechokwadi chikamu chechigadzirwa chakapera, Sulfutic acid inoshandiswa mune imwe nhanho yekugadzira yekuchenesa pombi.
Maitiro ekugadzira
Zvibayiro zvesimbi zvinogadzirwa nemaitiro maviri akasiyana. Iyo yakazara nzira yekugadzira yezvinhu zvese zviri zviviri maitiro inosanganisira matanho matatu. Kutanga, simbi yakashandurwa inoshandurwa kuita fomu inoshanda. Tevere, pombi inoumbwa pane inoenderera kana yemamicontinous gadziriso tambo. Pakupedzisira, pombi yakatemwa uye yakashandurwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvemutengi. Imwe simbi pombi yekugadzira ichashandisatube lerer kucheka muchinakune yakapfuura yakatemwa kana kukanda iyo tube kuti uwedzere kukwikwidza kwemabhuru
Pepa reSeamless rinogadzirwa uchishandisa maitiro anoyera uye kuumba billet yakasimba mune cylindrical chimiro uye obva yatambanudzwa uye yakatambanudzwa uye yakatambanudzwa. Sezvo nzvimbo yakavanzika haina kujairika yakavezwa, bullet-yakavezwa piercer point inosundidzirwa nepakati pebillet sezvo iri ichipunzika.
Ingot kugadzirwa
1. Simbi yakanyungudutswa yakagadzirwa nesimbi ore uye coke. Simbi yakanyungudutswa inobva yadururwa mune yakakura, yakakomberedzwa-yakakomberedzwa simbi mifananidzo, kwainodzora mumipiro.
2. Kuti ugadzire zvigadzirwa zvakapetwa senge mahwendefa uye mashizha, kana zvigadzirwa zvakareba zvakadai semabhawa uye matombo anoumbwa pakati pehukama hurefu hwekumanikidza kubhuroka uye slabs
3 Aya marudzi eRollers anonzi "maviri-akakwirira milli." Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vatatu vafambi vanoshandiswa. Vanofamba-famba vakamisirwa zvekuti magadzirirwo awo anoenderana, uye anofamba munzira dzakatarisana. Ichi chiitiko chinokonzeresa kuti simbi ibviswe uye yakatambanudzwa kuita mutete, zvidimbu zvisingareke. Kana vaReder vakadzoserwa neanoshanda nevanhu, iyo simbi inodhonzwa kumashure kuburikidza nekuita kuti iite yakaonda uye yakareba. Maitiro aya anodzokororwa kusvikira simbi inowana chimiro chaunoda. Munguva iyi, michina inonzi manipulors yakabuda simbi kuitira kuti rumwe rutivi rwunoratidzwa zvakaringana.
4 Simbi inopfuura nepakati peaviri vakamiswa nzira dzakatambanudza. Nekudaro, kune zvakare vafambisi vakamisikidzwa kudivi rekudzora upamhi hwehupamhi. Kana simbi ichiwana chimiro chaunoda, iwo magumo asina kufanana anotemwa uye slabs kana maruva anotemwa kuita zvipfupi.Furter.
5. Maruva anowanzo kuongororwa mberi zvisati zvaitwa mumapipi. Maruva anoshandurwa kuita mabhallets nekuvaisa kuburikidza nekuwedzera midziyo inokosora iyo inoita kuti ive nguva refu uye yakawanda. MaBillets anotemwa nemidziyo inozivikanwa seyekubhururuka zvikepe. Aya ndiwo maviri maviri ekuenzanisa zvigunwe idzo dzinza pamwe neBillet inofamba uye ichicheka. Izvi zvinobvumira kubaya zvinonyimwa pasina kumisa maitiro ekugadzira. Aya mabhalleti akasvitswa uye anozopedzisira ave pombi isina kusununguka.
6. Slabs anoshandirwazve. Kuti vavaite zvinokundikana, vakatanga kupisa kusvika kune 2,200 ° F (1,204 ° C). Izvi zvinokonzeresa nzombe inovhara kuti iite pamusoro peiyo slab. Uku kuunganidzwa kwakaputswa neyekuputsa breaker uye yakanyanya kudzvinyirira mvura spray. Iyo slab inobva yatumirwa kuburikidza neyekutevedzana kweanodzora pane inopisa zvigayo uye yakagadzirwa mumidziyo yakatetepa yesimbi inonzi Skelp. Gene iyi inogona kunge yakareba sehafu mamaira. Sezvo slabs ichipfuura nepamourers, ivo vanova vakatsiga uye yakareba. Mukufamba kwemaminitsi matatu imwe slab imwe chete inogona kushandurwa kubva ku6 mu (15,2 cm) chidimbu chakasviba chesimbi kuenda kune yakaonda ribhoni iyo inogona kuva kota refu.
7. Mushure mekutambanudza, simbi inotemwa. Kuita uku kunosanganisira kumhanyisa kubva mumatangi ematangi ayo ane sulfutic acid yekuchenesa simbi. Kuti upedze, unodzikiswa nemvura inotonhora uye inopisa, yaoma uye yakazoputirwa pamatanho makuru uye yakarongedzwa yekutakura kuenda kune pombi kugadzira nzvimbo.pipe kugadzira
8. Zvese skelp uye mabhirita anoshandiswa kugadzira mapipi. Skelp inoitwa muPombi Yakatemwa. Inotanga kuiswa pamuremu usingazungunuke. Sezvinoita simbi yesimbi isingazivikanwe, inopisa. Simbi inobva yapfuudzwa kuburikidza neye akatevedzana verudzi rwakadzora. Sezvo ichipfuura, iyo maRellers anokonzera mipendero ye skelp yekukanda pamwe chete. Izvi zvinoumba pombi isina kuvharwa.
9. Simbi inotevera inopfuura neWelding electrodes. Izvi zvishandiso zvinosanganisira iwo magumo maviri emapipi pamwechete. Iyo yakasarudzika seam yakabva yapfuudzwa kuburikidza nekumusoro kudzvinyirira roller iyo inobatsira kugadzira yakasimba tel. Iyo pombi yobva yakatemwa kusvika pakureba kwekupedzisira uye yakamiswa kuti uenderere mberi kugadzirisa. Welded simbi pombi inoenderera mberi uye zvichienderana nehukuru hwepombi, inogona kuitwa nekukurumidza se 1,100 ft (335.3 m) paminiti.
10. Pipi pombi kana pombi isingade, mraba madiki anoshandiswa kugadzirwa. Ivo vanopisa uye vakaumbwa kuti vagadzire chimiro checylinder, chinonziwo gwara. Kutenderera kunobva kwapera muchoto uko kwaro kuchena kuchena-kupisa. Iyo inotyisa kutenderera inozotenderera nekumanikidzwa kukuru. Uku kudzvinyirira kukwira kunoita kuti Billet kutambanudza kunze uye gomba kuti riite pakati. Sezvo gomba iri rakanyudzwa zvisingaite, bullet rakaumbwa piercer point inodururwa kuburikidza nepakati peBillet sezvo iri ichiri kutapudzwa. Mushure mekubaya nhanho, pombi inogona kuramba ichiita isina kurongeka uye chimiro. Kuti ugadzirise izvi zvinopfuura kuburikidza nedanho renhevedzano yekudzikisira m m m m m m m m m m madhora
11 Vanogona zvakare kuve vakarongedzwa nemajoini saka maviri kana anopfuura zvidimbu zvepipi anogona kubatana. Rudzi rwakanyanya kujairika rwekubatana nemapaketi ane madiki madiki ndeechiratidzo-chakasimba grooves dzakatemwa kusvika kumagumo pombi. Mapipi anotumirwawo kuburikidza nemuchina wekuyera. Ruzivo urwu pamwe chete nedzimwe mhando yekudzora data inodomiswa pombi. Iyo pombi yobva yadururwa nekuvhenekesa mafuta ekudzivirira mafuta. Yakawanda pombi inowanzo kurapwa kuti itore kubva mukuchera. Izvi zvinoitwa neku llauzing it kana kuripa kuunganidzwa kwe zinc. Zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwepombi, dzimwe pendi kana hubato dzinogona kushandiswa.
Mhando yekudzora
Matanho akasiyana siyana anotorwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti iyo yakapera Steel pombi inosangana yakatarwa. Semuenzaniso, X-ray Gauges anoshandiswa kutungamira ukobvu hwesimbi. Iyo gauges inoshanda nekushandisa maviri X ray. Rimwe ray inotungamirwa nesimbi yezvikamu zvinozivikanwa. Imwe yacho inotungamirwa nesimbi inopfuura iri pamutsetse wekugadzira. Kana paine chero mutsauko pakati pemarara maviri, iyo geji ichangobva kukonzera kuramba kweanoridza kuti ubhadharire.
Mapipi anoongororwawo nezvekuremara pamagumo ekuita. Imwe nzira yekuyedza pombi ndeye kushandisa mushini wakakosha. Muchina uyu unozadza pombi nemvura uye wozowedzera kumanikidzwa kuti uone kana ikabata. Mapepa okuremara anodzoserwa kupururudza.