Mapaipi achitsulondi machubu aatali, opanda kanthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana zomwe zimabweretsa chitoliro chowotcherera kapena chopanda msoko. Mu njira zonse ziwiri, zitsulo zosaphika zimayamba kuponyedwa mu mawonekedwe oyambira ogwirira ntchito. Kenako amapangidwa kukhala chitoliro potambasula chitsulocho kukhala chubu chopanda msoko kapena kukakamiza m'mphepete mwake ndikusindikiza ndi weld. Njira zoyamba zopangira chitoliro chachitsulo zinayambika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ndipo zasintha pang'onopang'ono m'njira zamakono zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano. Chaka chilichonse, mamiliyoni a matani azitsulo zachitsulo amapangidwa. Kusinthasintha kwake kumapangitsa kukhala chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale azitsulo.
Mbiri
Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Mwinamwake ntchito yoyamba inali ya alimi akale amene anapatutsa madzi m’mitsinje ndi mitsinje kupita m’minda yawo. Umboni wofukulidwa m'mabwinja umasonyeza kuti anthu a ku China ankagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro cha bango ponyamula madzi kupita kumalo omwe ankafuna kale 2000 BC Machubu a Clay omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitukuko zina zakale apezeka. M'zaka za zana loyamba AD, mapaipi oyamba otsogolera adapangidwa ku Europe. M’maiko otentha, michubu ya nsungwi inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula madzi. Atsamunda aku America adagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni pazifukwa zofanana. Mu 1652, zopangira madzi zoyamba zidapangidwa ku Boston pogwiritsa ntchito zipika zopanda kanthu.
Welded chitoliro aumbike ndi anagubuduza zitsulo n'kupanga kudzera mndandanda wa grooved odzigudubuza kuti amaumba zakuthupi mu mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kenako, chitoliro unwelded akudutsa maelekitirodi kuwotcherera. Zidazi zimasindikiza mbali ziwiri za chitoliro pamodzi.
Pofika m'ma 1840, opanga zitsulo amatha kupanga kale machubu opanda msoko. Mwa njira imodzi, anabowola dzenje ndi chitsulo cholimba chozungulira. Billet ndiye adatenthedwa ndikukokedwa kudzera m'mafa angapo omwe amatalikitsa kuti apange chitoliro. Njira imeneyi inali yosathandiza chifukwa zinali zovuta kuboola pakati. Izi zinapangitsa kuti chitoliro chosagwirizana ndi mbali imodzi ikhale yochuluka kuposa ina. Mu 1888, njira yabwino idapatsidwa chilolezo. Pochita izi, cholembera cholimba chimaponyedwa mozungulira pachimake cha njerwa zosayaka moto. Ikazizira, njerwayo ankaichotsa n’kusiya dzenje pakati. Kuyambira pamenepo njira zatsopano zodzigudubuza zalowa m'malo mwa njirazi.
Kupanga
Pali mitundu iwiri ya chitoliro chachitsulo, imodzi ndi yopanda msoko ndipo ina imakhala ndi msoko umodzi wokhotakhota m'litali mwake. Onsewa ali ndi ntchito zosiyana. Machubu opanda msoko amakhala opepuka kwambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi makoma owonda. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito panjinga ndi kunyamulira zakumwa. Machubu otsekedwa ndi olemera komanso olimba kwambiri. Masambawa ali ndi kusasinthasintha kwabwinoko ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala owongoka. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga zoyendera gasi, ngalande yamagetsi ndi mapaipi. Kawirikawiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika pamene chitoliro sichiyikidwa pansi pa kupsinjika kwakukulu.
Zida zogwiritsira ntchito
Zopangira zopangira popanga zitoliro ndizitsulo. Chitsulo chimapangidwa makamaka ndi chitsulo. Zitsulo zina zomwe zingakhalepo mu alloy ndi aluminium, manganese, titaniyamu, tungsten, vanadium, ndi zirconium. Zida zina zomaliza nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Mwachitsanzo, utoto ukhoza kukhala.
Chitoliro chosasunthika chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatenthetsa ndi kuumba billet yolimba kukhala mawonekedwe a cylindrical ndikuyigudubuza mpaka itatambasulidwa ndikutsekeka. Popeza pakati pa dzenjelo ndi losaumbika bwino, choboola choboola ngati chipolopolo chimakankhidwa pakati pa billet pamene akugudubuzika. Chitoliro chosasunthika chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatenthetsa ndi kuumba billet yolimba kukhala mawonekedwe a cylindrical kenako ndikuyigudubuza. mpaka atatambasulidwa ndi kukhala pobowoka. Popeza pakati pa dzenjelo ndi losaumbika bwino, choboola choboola ngati chipolopolo chimakankhidwa pakati pa billet pamene akugudubuzika.amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitoliro chakutidwa. Nthawi zambiri, mafuta ochulukirapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi achitsulo kumapeto kwa mzere wopanga. Izi zimathandiza kuteteza chitoliro. Ngakhale kuti si gawo la mankhwala omalizidwa, sulfuric acid amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sitepe imodzi yopangira kuyeretsa chitoliro.
Njira Yopangira
Mipope yachitsulo imapangidwa ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana. Njira yonse yopangira njira zonsezi imakhala ndi masitepe atatu. Choyamba, zitsulo zosaphika zimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ogwirira ntchito. Chotsatira, chitolirocho chimapangidwa pamzere wopitilira kapena wokhazikika wopanga. Pomaliza, chitolirocho chimadulidwa ndikusinthidwa kuti chikwaniritse zosowa za kasitomala.
Chitoliro chosasunthika chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe imatenthetsa ndi kuumba billet yolimba kukhala mawonekedwe a cylindrical ndikuyigudubuza mpaka itatambasulidwa ndikutsekeka. Popeza pakati pa dzenjelo ndi losaumbika bwino, nsonga yoboola ngati chipolopolo imakankhidwa pakati pa billet pamene ikugudubuzika.
Ingot kupanga
1. Chitsulo chosungunuka chimapangidwa mwa kusungunula chitsulo ndi coke (chinthu chokhala ndi carbon chochuluka chomwe chimabwera pamene malasha atenthedwa popanda mpweya) m'ng'anjo, ndiyeno kuchotsa carbon yambiri mwa kuphulitsa mpweya wa okosijeni mumadzimadzi. Chitsulocho amachithira m’zitsulo zazikulu zochindikala, ndipo amazizizira n’kukhala zitsulo.
2. Kuti apange zinthu zathyathyathya monga mbale ndi mapepala, kapena zinthu zazitali monga mipiringidzo ndi ndodo, ma ingots amapangidwa pakati pa zodzigudubuza zazikulu pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu. Kutulutsa maluwa ndi slabs.
3. Kuti apange pachimake, ingot imadutsa muzitsulo zachitsulo zomwe zimayikidwa. Zodzigudubuza zamitundu iyi zimatchedwa "mphero zokwera ziwiri." Nthawi zina, ma roller atatu amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zodzigudubuza zimayikidwa kuti mizere yawo igwirizane, ndipo amasunthira mbali zosiyana. Kuchita zimenezi kumapangitsa kuti chitsulocho chifinyidwe ndi kutambasulidwa kukhala zidutswa zoonda, zazitali. Zodzigudubuza zikasinthidwa ndi woyendetsa anthu, zitsulo zimakokedwa mmbuyo mwa kuzipangitsa kukhala zowonda komanso zazitali. Njirayi imabwerezedwa mpaka chitsulo chikwaniritse mawonekedwe omwe akufuna. Panthawi imeneyi, makina otchedwa manipulators amatembenuza zitsulo kuti mbali iliyonse ipangidwe mofanana.
4. Ingots ingathenso kukulungidwa mu slabs mu njira yofanana ndi kupanga maluwa. Chitsulocho chimadutsa muzodzigudubuza zomwe zimatambasula. Komabe, palinso zodzigudubuza zomwe zimayikidwa pambali kuti ziwongolere kukula kwa slabs. Chitsulo chikapeza mawonekedwe ofunikira, malekezero osagwirizana amadulidwa ndipo ma slabs kapena maluwa amadulidwa mu zidutswa zazifupi.
5. Maluwa amakonzedwanso kwambiri asanapangidwe kukhala mapaipi. Maluwa amasinthidwa kukhala ma billet powayika kudzera pazida zogudubuza zambiri zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala otalikirapo komanso ocheperako. Ma billets amadulidwa ndi zida zotchedwa flying shears. Awa ndi ma shear olumikizana omwe amathamanga limodzi ndi billet yosuntha ndikuidula. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa bwino popanda kuletsa kupanga. Ma billet awa amapakidwa ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala chitoliro chopanda msoko.
6. Ma slabs amakonzedwanso. Kuti azitha kusungunulidwa, amayamba kutenthedwa kufika pa 2,200° F (1,204° C). Izi zimapangitsa kuti utoto wa oxide upangidwe pamwamba pa slab. Chophimba ichi chimathyoledwa ndi sikelo yophwanyira komanso kupopera madzi othamanga kwambiri. Kenako ma slabs amatumizidwa kudzera m’mizere yodzigudubuza pamphero yotentha ndipo amapangidwa kukhala tizitsulo tating’onoting’ono totchedwa skelp. Mphero iyi imatha kutalika mpaka theka la mailo. Pamene ma slabs amadutsa mu zodzigudubuza, zimakhala zowonda komanso zazitali. Pakadutsa mphindi zitatu, silabu imodzi imatha kusinthidwa kuchoka pachitsulo chokhuthala 6 in (15.2 cm) kupita ku riboni yachitsulo yopyapyala yomwe imatha kutalika kotala mailosi.
7. Pambuyo kutambasula, zitsulo zimachotsedwa. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuyendetsa kupyolera mu matanki angapo omwe ali ndi sulfuric acid kuti ayeretse zitsulo. Kuti amalize, amatsukidwa ndi madzi ozizira ndi otentha, zowuma ndikukulungidwa pamadzi akuluakulu ndikuyika kuti azinyamulira kumalo opangira chitoliro.
8. Onse skelp ndi billets ntchito kupanga mapaipi. Skelp amapangidwa mu welded chitoliro. Zimayikidwa poyamba pa makina opumulira. Pamene spool yachitsulo sichimavula, imatenthedwa. Chitsulocho chimadutsa m'magulu angapo odzigudubuza. Pamene ikudutsa, zodzigudubuza zimapangitsa kuti m'mphepete mwa chiwombankhanga mupirire pamodzi. Izi zimapanga chitoliro chosasunthika.
9. Chitsulo chotsatira chimadutsa ndi ma electrode owotcherera. Zidazi zimasindikiza mbali ziwiri za chitoliro pamodzi. Msoko wowotcherera umadutsa pa choponderetsa chachikulu chomwe chimathandiza kupanga weld yolimba. Chitolirocho chimadulidwa mpaka utali womwe umafunidwa ndikuwunjikidwa kuti chizikonzedwanso. Welded zitsulo chitoliro ndi ndondomeko mosalekeza ndipo malinga ndi kukula kwa chitoliro, zikhoza kupangidwa mofulumira monga 1,100 ft (335.3 m) pa mphindi.
10. Pamene chitoliro chosasunthika chikufunika, mabanki akuluakulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Amatenthedwa ndikuwumbidwa kuti apange mawonekedwe a silinda, omwe amatchedwanso kuzungulira. Chozunguliracho chimayikidwa mu ng'anjo momwe chimatenthedwa ndi kutentha koyera. Kuzungulira kotentha kumakulungidwa ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti billet itambasule ndipo dzenje limapanga pakati. Popeza dzenjeli silimaumbika mosiyanasiyana, choboola chooneka ngati chipolopolo chimakankhidwa pakati pa billet pamene akugudubuzika. Pambuyo pa siteji yoboola, chitolirocho chingakhalebe cha makulidwe osakhazikika ndi mawonekedwe. Kukonza izi wadutsa mndandanda wina wa kugubuduza mills.Final processing
11. Pambuyo pa mtundu uliwonse wa chitoliro chopangidwa, iwo akhoza kuikidwa kupyolera mu makina owongoka. Athanso kukhala ndi zolumikizira kuti zidutswa ziwiri kapena zingapo za chitoliro zitha kulumikizidwa. Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono ndi ulusi - mizere yolimba yomwe imadulidwa kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Mapaipi amatumizidwanso kudzera mu makina oyezera. Chidziwitso ichi pamodzi ndi deta ina yolamulira khalidwe imangokhala stenciled pa chitoliro. Kenaka chitolirocho chimawazidwa ndi zokutira zopepuka za mafuta oteteza. Nthawi zambiri mapaipi amathandizidwa kuti asachite dzimbiri. Izi zimachitika pochikoka kapena kuchipaka ndi zinki. Malingana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitoliro, utoto wina kapena zokutira zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuwongolera Kwabwino
Njira zosiyanasiyana zimatengedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitoliro chachitsulo chomalizidwa chikukwaniritsa zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ma x-ray gauge amagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera makulidwe achitsulo. Ma gauge amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray awiri. Mwala umodzi umalunjika pachitsulo chodziwika bwino. Zinazo zimayendetsedwa pazitsulo zodutsa pamzere wopangira. Ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa cheza ziwirizi, gejiyo imangoyambitsa kusintha kwa ma rollers kuti abwezere.
Mipope imawunikidwanso kuti ikhale ndi zolakwika pamapeto a ndondomekoyi. Njira imodzi yoyesera chitoliro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina apadera. Makinawa amadzaza chitolirocho ndi madzi kenako amawonjezera kuthamanga kuti awone ngati akugwira. Mapaipi osokonekera amabwezedwa kuti akachotsedwe.