Amapayipi ensimbi amashubhu amade, angenalutho asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Zikhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukile eziholela kunoma ipayipi elingenamthungo noma elingenamthungo. Kuzo zombili izindlela, insimbi engavuthiwe iyenziwa kuqala ibe yifomu lokuqala elisebenzayo. Ngemuva kwalokho kwenziwa ngepayipi ngokwelula lensimbi ibe yi-tube engenamthungo noma ukuphoqa imiphetho ndawonye futhi uyibetha nge-weld. Izindlela zokuqala zokukhiqiza ipayipi lensimbi zangeniswa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1800, futhi ziye zavela ezinqubweni zesimanje esizisebenzisa namuhla. Unyaka nonyaka, izigidi zamathani wepayipi lensimbi zikhiqizwa. Ukuguquguquka kwaso kwenza kube ngumkhiqizo osetshenziswa kakhulu okhiqizwe embonini yensimbi.
Umlando
Abantu basebenzise amapayi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwakukhona ngabafundi basendulo abaphambukisele amanzi emifuleni nasemifuleni bangena emasimini abo. Ubufakazi bemisebe buveza ukuthi ipayipi elisetshenzisiwe laseChina lokuhambisa amanzi libe nezindawo ezifiselekayo ekuqaleni kuka-2000 BC amashubhu asetshenziswa ezinye izimpucuko zasendulo atholakele. Ngesikhathi sekhulu lokuqala lesikhangiso, kwakhiwa amapayipi okuhola eYurophu. Emazweni ashisayo, amashubhu e-bamboo asetshenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi. AmaMelika aseMelika asebenzisa izinkuni ngenhloso efanayo. Ngo-1652, kwakhiwa amanzi okuqala eBoston esebenzisa izingodo eziyize.
Ipayipi eline-welded yakhiwa ngemichilo yensimbi echungechungeni lwe-roller roller ebumba lokho okuqukethwe ku-khejini. Okulandelayo, ipayipi elingavinjelwe lidlula nge-electrodes ye-welding. Lawa madivayisi anamathisela amaphethelo amabili wepayipi ndawonye.
Kusukela ngo-1840, abasebenza nge-iron base bengakhiqiza amashubhu angenathuse. Ngendlela eyodwa, umgodi uchithwe ngensimbi eqinile, imali eyindilinga eyindilinga. I-billet yabe isifudumeza bese idonswa ngochungechunge lokufa okulinde kakhulu ukwakha ipayipi. Le ndlela ibingasebenzi ngoba bekunzima ukumba umgodi enkabeni. Lokhu kuholele epayippi elingalingani ngehlangothi elithile likhulu kunolunye. Ngo-1888, indlela ethuthukisiwe yanikezwa ubunikazi. Kule nqubo i-solid ekhokhiswayo yaphonswa ezungeze isiteka sezitini esingu-Fireproof. Lapho sekupholile, isitini sasuswa sishiya umgodi phakathi. Kusukela lapho amasu amasha we-roller athathe indawo lezi zindlela.
Ukusongoza icebo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zepayipi lensimbi, umuntu akanamthungo futhi omunye unesifuba esisodwa esinenhlonipho ngobude bawo. Zombili zinokusetshenziswa okuhlukile. Amashubhu angenamthungo ngokuvamile isisindo esikhanyayo, futhi abe nezindonga ezincanyana. Zisetshenziselwa amabhayisekili kanye nokuhambisa uketshezi. Amashubhu ahlanganisiwe anzima futhi aqinile. Ukuba nokuvumelana okungcono futhi kuvame ukuqina. Zisetshenziselwa izinto ezifana nokuhamba kwegesi, indlela kagesi kanye nepayipi. Imvamisa, zisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ipayipi lingafakwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.
Ama-Raw material
Impahla eluhlaza eluhlaza okwesikhashana ekukhiqizweni kwamapayipi yinsimbi. Insimbi yenziwa ngensimbi ngokuyinhloko. Ezinye izinsimbi ezingaba khona ku-alloy zifaka i-aluminium, i-manganese, titanium, tungsten, i-vagadium ne-zirconium. Ezinye izinto zokuqeda kwesinye isikhathi zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, upende kungenzeka.
Ipayipi elingenamthungo lenziwa kusetshenziswa inqubo eshisa futhi ibumba imali ekhokhwayo esimweni esiqinile bese uyigoqa kuze kube yilapho yeluliwe futhi ihanjiswa. Njengoba isikhungo esinezimbozo sibunjwe ngokungemthetho, iphoyinti elibunjwe ngenhlamvu lidonswa maphakathi ne-billet njengoba ligibela ipayipi elidonswayo. Njengoba isikhungo esishukumisekile sibunjwe ngokungafanele, iphoyinti elibunjwe ngenhlamvu lidonswa maphakathi ne-billet njengoba lisongelwa. Imvamisa, inani elikhanyayo lamafutha lisetshenziselwa amapayipi ensimbi ekugcineni komugqa wokukhiqiza. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela ipayipi. Ngenkathi empeleni akuyona ingxenye yomkhiqizo ophelile, i-sulfuric acid isetshenziswa esigabeni esisodwa sokukhiqiza ukuze ihlanze ipayipi.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza
Amapayipi ensimbi adanywa ngezinqubo ezimbili ezihlukile. Indlela yokukhiqiza ephelele yazo zombili izinqubo ifaka izinyathelo ezintathu. Okokuqala, insimbi eluhlaza iguqulwa ibe yifomu elisebenzisekayo. Okulandelayo, ipayipi lenziwa kulayini oqhubekayo noma oqhubekayo wokukhiqiza. Ekugcineni, ipayipi lisikwa futhi liguqulwa ukuze lihlangabezane nezidingo zekhasimende. Eminye imikhiqizo yepayipi yensimbi izosebenzisaumshini wokusika weshubhuekusikeni kwangaphambilini noma okunamathisela ishubhu ukwandisa ukuncintisana kwamashubhu
Ipayipi elingenamthungo lenziwa kusetshenziswa inqubo eshisa futhi ibumba imali ekhokhwayo esimweni esiqinile bese uyigoqa kuze kube yilapho yeluliwe futhi ihanjiswa. Njengoba isikhungo esiveziwe sibunjwe ngokungafanele, iphoyinti lokubhoboza inhlamvu lidonswa maphakathi ne-billet njengoba ligibela.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ingot
1. Insimbi ebilisiwe yenziwa ngokuncibilika kwe-iron ore noCoke (into ecebile yekhabhoni ephumela lapho amalahle efudumala lapho kungekho khona umoya) isithando somlilo, bese ususa iningi lekhabhoni ngokuqhuma umoya-mpilo. Insimbi ebiwe bese ithululelwa isikhunta esikhulu sensimbi esibi, lapho iphola khona ku-ingots.
2. Ukuze wakhe imikhiqizo eyisicaba efana namapuleti namashidi, noma imikhiqizo emide efana nemigoqo nezinduku, ama-ingots abunjiwe phakathi kwengcindezi enkulu.Bhulonda
3. Ukukhiqiza ukuqhakaza, i-Ingot idluliswa ngokusebenzisa ama-roller ensimbi ahlotshiswe ngayo. Lezi zinhlobo zama-roller zibizwa ngokuthi "amamitha amabili aphezulu." Kwezinye izimo, kusetshenziswa ama-roller amathathu. Ama-roller abekwe ukuze ama-grooves awo ahambisane, futhi ahamba ngezindlela eziphambene. Lesi senzo sibangela insimbi ukuthi idonswe futhi yelulwe ibe yincipha, izingcezu ezinde. Lapho ama-roller ebuyiselwe ku-opharetha womuntu, insimbi idonswa emuva ngokuyenza ibe mncane futhi ide. Le nqubo iyaphindwa kuze kube yilapho insimbi ifinyelela isimo osifunayo. Ngale nqubo, imishini ebizwa ngokuthi ama-manipulators afaka insimbi ukuze uhlangothi ngalunye lucubungulwe ngokulinganayo.
4. I-Ingots ingahle ingeniswe ibe yi-slabs kwinqubo efana nenqubo yokwenza bloom. Insimbi idluliswa nge-pair of roller ehlanganisiwe eyelulela. Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi ama-roller abekwe ohlangothini ukuze alawule ububanzi be-slabs. Lapho insimbi ithola ukwakheka okufiselekayo, iziphetho ezingalingani ziyanqunywa futhi ama-slabs noma ama-blooms ancishiswa izingcezu ezimfishane .Further Processing
I-5. Ama-Blooms ajwayele ukucutshungulwa phambili ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe ngamapayipi. Ama-Blooms aguqulwa abe ngamabhilithi ngokuwafaka kumadivayisi aphezulu awenza abe yinde futhi anciphise kakhulu. Amabhilithi agawulwa amadivaysi aziwa njengama-flying shears. Lokhu kungamabhande avumelanisiwe ahlanganayo nalo mabhilidi ashukumisayo anqume. Lokhu kuvumela ukusikeka okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokumisa inqubo yokukhiqiza. Lezi zingcweti ziboshwe futhi ekugcineni ziyoba ngumthungo ongenathule.
I-6. Ama-slabs nawo abuyiswa kabusha. Ukuze ubenze babulawa, bafudunyezwa okokuqala ku-2,200 ° F (1,204 ° C). Lokhu kubangela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-oxide ukwakha ebusweni be-slab. Le nhlanganisela iphukile nge-scale breaker kanye nesifutho samanzi esiphakeme. Ama-slabs abese ethunyelwa ngochungechunge lwama-roller esigayo esishisayo futhi esenziwe imichilo emincane yensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-skelp. Lesi sigayo singaba isikhathi eside njenge-tyle mile. Njengoba ama-slabs edlula ama-roller, ancipha futhi ande. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi cishe imizuzu emithathu i-slab eyodwa ingaguqulwa kusuka kucezu olungu-6 ku (15.2 cm) ucezu oluncane lwensimbi ku-ribbon yensimbi emincane engaba yi-mile yekota ubude.
7. Ngemuva kokulula, insimbi icwecwe. Le nqubo ifaka ukuyisebenzisa ngochungechunge lwamathangi aqukethe i-sulfuric acid ukuhlanza insimbi. Ukuqeda, kuhlanjululwa ngamanzi abandayo nawe-hot, omisiwe bese kugingqika kuma-spool amakhulu futhi kufakwe ezokuthutha ekwenzeni indawo yokwenza amapayipi.Pipe okwenzayo
8. Kokubili skelp kanye namabhilithi asetshenziselwa ukwenza amapayipi. I-Skelp yenziwa ngepayipi le-welded. Kubekwa okokuqala emshinini ongavuleki. Njengoba i-spool yensimbi ayivuleki, iyafuthelwa. Insimbi bese idluliselwa ngochungechunge lwama-roller ahlotshisiwe. Njengoba idlula, ama-roller abangela imiphetho ye-skelp ukuze ihlanganise ndawonye. Lokhu kwakha ipayipi elingaziwa.
9. Insimbi elandelayo edlula nge-welding electrodes. Lawa madivayisi anamathisela amaphethelo amabili wepayipi ndawonye. Umthungo we-welded udluliselwe nge-roller ephezulu yengcindezi esiza ukudala i-weld eqinile. Ipayipi lisuswa ubude obufunayo futhi bagxiliwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuqhubeka. I-Welded Steel Pipe iyinqubo eqhubekayo futhi ngokuya ngosayizi wepayipi, kungenziwa ngokushesha njenge-1,100 ft (335.3 m) ngomzuzu.
10. Lapho kudingeka ipayipi elingenamthungo, kusetshenziselwa izikweletu zesikwele ukuze kukhiqizwe. Bafudumele futhi babunjwe ukwakha isimo sesilinda, nangokuthi babize umjikelezo. Umjikelezo ubese ufakwa esithandweni lapho kufuthelwa khona okumhlophe - kuyashisa. Umjikelezo ovuthayo ugoqwe ngengcindezi enkulu. Lokhu kugibela ingcindezi ephezulu kubangela ukuthi imali ekhokhwayo yelule futhi umgodi wokwakha enkabeni. Njengoba lo mgodi ubunjwe ngokungafanele, iphoyinti elibunjiwe lezinhlamvu lidonswa maphakathi ne-billet njengoba liginglwa. Ngemuva kwesiteji sokubhoboza, ipayipi lingase libe lokubukhali kanye nokwakheka okungajwayelekile. Ukulungisa lokhu kudluliswa ngolunye uchungechunge lokugaya ama-mills.Final Processing
11. Ngemuva kwalolunye uhlobo lwepayipi lwenziwe, zingafakwa ngomshini oqondile. Bangase futhi bafakwe amalunga ngezingcezu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zepayipi zingaxhunyaniswa. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuhlanganiswa kwamapayipi ngama-diameter amancane kuyinto eqinile - ama-grooves aqinile anqunywe ekugcineni kwepayipi. Amapayipi athunyelwa ngomshini wokulinganisa. Lolu lwazi kanye neminye imininingwane yokulawula ikhwalithi lubhalwe ngebhayidi ngokuzenzakalelayo kwipayipi. Ipayipi lifafazwa ngenhlanganisela ekhanyayo yamafutha okuvikela. Ipayipi eliningi liphathwa ngokujwayelekile ukulivimba ekujuleni. Lokhu kwenziwa nge-Galvaning ngakho noma ukukunikeza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-zinc. Ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwepayipi, kungasetshenziswa omunye upende noma izimbobo.
Ikhwalithi yokulawula
Kuthathwa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ipayipi lensimbi eliqediwe lihlangabezana nokucaciswa. Isibonelo, ama-gauges we-X-ray asetshenziselwa ukulawula ubukhulu bensimbi. AmaGauges asebenza ngokusebenzisa imisebe emibili ye-X. I-ray eyodwa iqondiswe ngensimbi yobukhulu obaziwayo. Enye iqondiswe ngensimbi edlulayo emugqeni wokukhiqiza. Uma kukhona ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwemisebe emibili, igeji izobangela ukushintshanisa kabusha kwama-roller ukunxephezela.
Amapayipi ahlolwe futhi amaphutha ekugcineni kwenqubo. Enye indlela yokuhlola ipayipi ngokusebenzisa umshini okhethekile. Lo mshini ugcwalisa ipayipi ngamanzi bese unyusa ingcindezi ukuze ubone ukuthi iyabamba yini. Amapayipi angenaphutha abuyiselwa ukuze acrap.