Amapayipi ensimbiamashubhu amade, angenalutho asetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Akhiqizwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene eziholela epayipini elishiselwe noma elingenamthungo. Kuzo zombili izindlela, insimbi eluhlaza iqala ukuphonswa efomini lokuqala elisebenziseka kakhulu. Ibe seyenziwa ibe ipayipi ngokwelula insimbi ibe ishubhu elingenamthungo noma ukuhlanganisa imiphetho bese ivalwa nge-weld. Izindlela zokuqala zokukhiqiza ipayipi lensimbi zethulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, futhi ziye zashintsha kancane kancane zibe izinqubo zesimanje esizisebenzisayo namuhla. Unyaka ngamunye, kukhiqizwa izigidi zamathani amapayipi ensimbi. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kwenza kube umkhiqizo osetshenziswa kakhulu okhiqizwa imboni yensimbi.
Umlando
Abantu sebesebenzise amapayipi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Mhlawumbe into yokuqala eyasetshenziswa izazi zezolimo zasendulo ezaziphambukisa amanzi emifuleni nasemifuleni aye emasimini azo. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi amaShayina asebenzisa ipayipi lomhlanga ukuthutha amanzi ezindaweni ayefisa kusukela ngo-2000 BC Amashubhu obumba ayesetshenziswa ezinye izimpucuko zasendulo atholakale. Phakathi nekhulu lokuqala AD , amapayipi okuhola okuqala akhiwa eYurophu. Emazweni ashisayo, amashubhu oqalo ayesetshenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi. Amakoloni aseMelika ayesebenzisa izinkuni ngenjongo efanayo. Ngo-1652, imisebenzi yokuqala yamanzi yenziwa eBoston kusetshenziswa izingodo ezingenalutho.
Ipayipi elishiselwe lakhiwa ngamapheshana ensimbi aginqikayo ochungechungeni lwamarola anemigexo abumba insimbi ibe yindilinga. Okulandelayo, ipayipi elingahlanganisiwe lidlula ngama-electrode welding. Lawa madivaysi ahlanganisa amaphethelo amabili epayipi ndawonye.
Kusukela ngo-1840, abasebenza ngensimbi base bevele bekhiqiza amashubhu angenamthungo. Ngenye indlela, kwakubhobozwa imbobo ngensimbi eqinile, eyindilinga. I-billet yabe ifudunyezwa futhi yadwetshwa ngochungechunge lwama-dies ayelulisa ukuze enze ipayipi. Le ndlela yayingasebenzi kahle ngoba kwakunzima ukubhoboza imbobo phakathi nendawo. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kube nepayipi elingalingani nolunye uhlangothi lube lukhulu kunolunye. Ngo-1888, indlela ethuthukisiwe yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi. Kule nqubo inkokhelo eqinile yayiphonswa eduze komgogodla wezitini ezingashi. Lapho isipholile, isitini sasisuswa kusale imbobo phakathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi amasu ama-roller amasha athathe indawo yalezi zindlela.
Idizayini
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi ensimbi, eyodwa ayinamthungo kanti enye inomthungo owodwa oshiselwe ngobude bayo. Zombili zinokusetshenziswa okuhlukile. Amashubhu angenamthungo ngokuvamile anesisindo esilula kakhulu, futhi anezindonga ezizacile. Asetshenziselwa amabhayisikili kanye nokuthutha uketshezi. Amashubhu athungelwayo asindayo futhi aqinile. Anokuvumelana okungcono futhi ngokuvamile aqondile. Asetshenziselwa izinto ezifana nokuthuthwa kwegesi, ipayipi likagesi namapayipi. Ngokuvamile, zisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ipayipi ingafakwa ngaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu lokucindezeleka.
Ama-Raw material
Impahla yokuqala eluhlaza ekukhiqizeni amapayipi insimbi. Insimbi yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi. Ezinye izinsimbi ezingase zibe khona ku-alloy zihlanganisa i-aluminium, i-manganese, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, ne-zirconium. Ezinye izinto zokuqeda ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Ngokwesibonelo, upende kungenzeka.
Ipayipi elingenamthungo lakhiwe kusetshenziswa inqubo eshisisa futhi ilolonge i-billet eqinile ibe yisimo esiyisilinda bese iyisonga ize yelulwe futhi igoqe. Njengoba isikhungo esinegodi sinomumo ngendlela engavamile, indawo yokubhoboza emise okwenhlamvu iphushwa phakathi nendawo lapho igoqwa. lize lelulwe futhi libe yigodi. Njengoba isikhungo esinezigodi sinomumo ongavamile, indawo yokubhoboza emise okwenhlamvu iphushwa phakathi nebillet njengoba igoqwa.isetshenziswa uma ipayipi limboziwe. Ngokuvamile, inani elincane lamafutha lisetshenziselwa amapayipi ensimbi ekupheleni komugqa wokukhiqiza. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela ipayipi. Nakuba empeleni ingeyona ingxenye yomkhiqizo oqediwe, i-sulfuric acid isetshenziswa esinyathelweni esisodwa sokukhiqiza ukuhlanza ipayipi.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
Amapayipi ensimbi enziwa izinqubo ezimbili ezahlukene. Indlela yokukhiqiza iyonke yazo zombili izinqubo ibandakanya izinyathelo ezintathu. Okokuqala, insimbi eluhlaza iguqulwa ibe ifomu elisebenziseka kakhulu. Okulandelayo, ipayipi kwakhiwa emgqeni wokukhiqiza oqhubekayo noma oqhubekayo. Ekugcineni, ipayipi liyasikwa futhi lilungiswe ukuze lihlangabezane nezidingo zekhasimende.
Ipayipi elingenamthungo lakhiwe kusetshenziswa inqubo eshisisa futhi ilolonge i-billet eqinile ibe yisimo esiyisilinda bese iyisonga ize yelulwe futhi igoqe. Njengoba isikhungo esinegodi sinomumo ngendlela engavamile, indawo yokubhoboza emise okwenhlamvu iphushwa phakathi nendawo ye-billet njengoba igoqwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-ingot
1. Insimbi encibilikisiwe yenziwa ngokuncibilikisa insimbi yensimbi necoke (into enekhabhoni ecebile ephumela lapho amalahle eshiswa lapho kungekho moya) esithandweni, bese ikhipha ingxenye enkulu yekhabhoni ngokuqhumisa umoya-mpilo oketshezini. Insimbi encibilikisiwe ibe isithelwa ezibunjeni zensimbi ezinkulu ezinezindonga eziwugqinsi, lapho ipholisa khona ibe izingongolo.
2. Ukuze kwakheke imikhiqizo eyisicaba njengamapuleti namashidi, noma imikhiqizo emide njengemigoqo nezinduku, ama-ingots abunjwa phakathi kwamarola amakhulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu.Ikhiqiza ama-blooms nama-slabs.
3. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ukuqhakaza, i-ingot idluliswa ngama-rollers ensimbi ane-grooved ahlanganiswe. Lezi zinhlobo zama-roller zibizwa ngokuthi "izigayo ezimbili eziphezulu." Kwezinye izimo, kusetshenziswa ama-roller amathathu. Ama-roller afakwe ukuze ama-grooves awo aqondane, futhi ahamba ngendlela ehlukile. Lesi senzo sibangela ukuthi insimbi incinywe futhi yelulwe ibe yizicucu ezincanyana, ezinde. Uma ama-roller ehlehliswa umuntu osebenza naye, insimbi idonswa emuva ngokuyenza ibe mncane futhi ibe yinde. Le nqubo iphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho insimbi ifinyelela umumo oyifunayo. Phakathi nale nqubo, imishini ebizwa ngokuthi ama-manipulators flip insimbi ukuze uhlangothi ngalunye lucutshungulwe ngokulinganayo.
4. Ama-ingots angase futhi agoqwe abe ama-slabs ngenqubo efana nenqubo yokwenza ukuqhakaza. Insimbi idluliswa ngepheya lamarola astakiwe alinwebeka. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nama-roller afakwe eceleni ukuze alawule ububanzi bama-slabs. Lapho insimbi ithola umumo oyifunayo, iziphetho ezingalingani ziyanqunywa futhi ama-slabs noma ama-blooms anqunywa abe yizicucu ezimfushane.
5. Izimbali zivame ukucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe amapayipi. Ama-blooms aguqulwa abe ama-billet ngokuwafaka kumadivayisi amaningi aginqikayo awenza abe made futhi abe mncane kakhulu. Amabhilidi asikwa yimishini eyaziwa ngokuthi amashear endizayo. Lawa ama-shears avumelanisiwe agijima kanye ne-billet ehambayo futhi asike. Lokhu kuvumela ukusikeka okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokumisa inqubo yokukhiqiza. Lawa mabhilidi astakiwe futhi azogcina eseyipayipi elingenamthungo.
6. Ama-slabs nawo ayasetshenzwa kabusha. Ukuze abenze bathandeke kalula, baqale bashiselwe ku-2,200° F (1,204° C). Lokhu kubangela ukunameka kwe-oxide ebusweni be-slab. Lesi sici sinqanyulwa nge-scale breaker kanye ne-high pressure water spray. La ma-slabs abe esethunyelwa ngochungechunge lwamarola esigayweni esishisayo bese enziwa imicu emincane yensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-skelp. Lesi sigayo singaba side njengengxenye yemayela. Njengoba ama-slabs edlula kuma-roller, aba mncane futhi abe made. Esikhathini esingangemizuzu emithathu i-slab eyodwa ingaguqulwa isuke ocezuni lwensimbi oluwugqinsi oluyi-6 in (15.2 cm) ibe iribhoni yensimbi encane engaba ikota yemayela ubude.
7. Ngemuva kokwelula, insimbi ifakwe emanzini. Le nqubo ihilela ukuyiqhuba ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwamathangi aqukethe i-sulfuric acid ukuhlanza insimbi. Ukuqeda, ihlanjululwa ngamanzi abandayo nashisayo, yomiswe bese igoqwa kuma-spool amakhulu futhi ihlanganiswe ukuze ihanjiswe endaweni yokwenza amapayipi.
8. Kokubili i-skelp nama-billet asetshenziselwa ukwenza amapayipi. I-Skelp yenziwe ipayipi elishiselwe. Iqala ibekwe emshinini wokuqaqa. Njengoba i-spool yensimbi ingalimali, iyafudumala. Insimbi ibe isidluliswa ochungechungeni lwamarola anemihosha. Njengoba idlula, ama-roller abangela ukuthi imiphetho ye-skelp igoqene ndawonye. Lokhu kwakha ipayipi elingashisiwe.
9. Insimbi elandelayo idlula ngama-electrode welding. Lawa madivaysi ahlanganisa amaphethelo amabili epayipi ndawonye. Umthungo oshiselwe ube usudluliswa nge-roller enengcindezi ephezulu esiza ukwakha i-weld eqinile. Ipayipi libe selisikwa libe ngobude obufunekayo bese lipakishwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucubungula. Ipayipi lensimbi elishiselwe inqubo eqhubekayo futhi kuye ngobukhulu bepayipi, lingenziwa ngokushesha njenge-1,100 ft (335.3 m) ngomzuzu.
10. Uma ipayipi elingenamthungo lidingeka, amabhilidi ayizikwele asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza. Ziyashiswa futhi zibunjwe ukuze zakhe umumo we-cylinder, obizwa nangokuthi umjikelezo. Umzuliswano ube usufakwa esithandweni lapho kubaswa khona ngokumhlophe-kushisa. Umjikelezo oshisayo ube usugoqwa ngomfutho omkhulu. Lokhu kugingqika komfutho ophezulu kubangela ukuba i-billet ilule futhi imbobo yakheke phakathi nendawo. Njengoba le mbobo inokwakheka okungavamile, indawo yokubhoboza okumise okwenhlamvu iphushwa phakathi nendawo ye-billet njengoba igoqwa. Ngemva kwesiteji sokubhoboza, ipayipi ingase ibe nobukhulu obungavamile nokuma. Ukulungisa lokhu kudluliswa kolunye uchungechunge lwezigayo.Ukucubungula kokugcina
11. Ngemva kokuba noma yiluphi uhlobo lwepayipi lwenziwe, angase afakwe ngomshini wokuqondisa. Angase futhi afakwe amalunga ukuze kuxhunywe izingcezu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zamapayipi. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokuhlangana kwamapayipi anobubanzi obuncane yi-threading-ama-grooves aqinile anqunywe ekupheleni kwepayipi. Amapayipi nawo athunyelwa ngomshini wokukala. Lolu lwazi kanye nenye idatha yokulawula ikhwalithi ibhalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo epayipini. Ipayipi libe selifuthwa ngesimbozo esilula samafutha okuvikela. Amapayipi amaningi ngokuvamile aphathwa ukuze alivimbele ukuthi lingagqwali. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuyigcoba noma ngokuyimboza nge-zinc. Kuye ngokusetshenziswa kwepayipi, amanye amapende noma ama-coatings angasetshenziswa.
Ikhwalithi yokulawula
Izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zithathwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ipayipi lensimbi eliqediwe lihlangabezana nezincazelo. Isibonelo, ama-x-ray gauge asetshenziselwa ukulawula ukushuba kwensimbi. Ama-gauge asebenza ngokusebenzisa ama-x ray amabili. Umsebe owodwa uqondiswe ensimbi enogqinsi olwaziwayo. Enye iqondiswe ensimbi edlulayo emgqeni wokukhiqiza. Uma kukhona umehluko phakathi kwemisebe emibili, igeji izocupha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukushintshwa kosayizi wamarola ukuze kunxeshezelwe.
Amapayipi nawo abuye ahlolwe uma kuneziphambeko ekupheleni kwenqubo. Enye indlela yokuhlola ipayipi ngokusebenzisa umshini okhethekile. Lo mshini ugcwalisa ipayipi ngamanzi bese unyusa umfutho ukuze ubone ukuthi liyawabamba yini. Amapayipi angasebenzi abuyiswa ukuze akhishwe.