Imibhobho yentsimbi inde, i-tubs esetyenziswayo ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ziveliswa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezikhokelela kwi-welded okanye yombhobho ongenamthungo. Kuzo zombini iindlela, intsimbi evuthiweyo iphoswa kuqala kwifom yokuqalisa. Emva koko kwenziwa kumbhobho wokuwolula intsimbi kwityhubhu engenamthungo okanye inyanzela imiphetho kunye kwaye ibatywine nge-weld. Iindlela zokuqala zokuvelisa imibhobho yentsimbi zaziswa ekuqaleni kwe-1800s, kwaye bavele ngokuzinzileyo kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje esizisebenzisayo namhlanje. Nyaka ngamnye, izigidi zeetoni zemibhobho yentsimbi ziyaveliswa. Ukuhamba kweyona nto yokuhamba kwayo kukwenza ukuba eyona mveliso isetyenziswa yimveliso yentsimbi.
Imbali
Abantu basebenzise imibhobho kangangeenkulungwane. Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa okokuqala kwaba ziingcali zezoqoqosho zakudala ezazidlulisela amanzi avela kwimilambo nakwimilambo emasimini abo. Ubungqina be-Arpheonalogical ibonisa ukuba i-Chinese isebenzise umbhobho osetyenzisiweyo waseTshayina wokuhambisa amanzi kwiindawo ezinqwenelekayo malunga ne-2000 ye-BCE esetyenziselwa impucuko yakudala ifunyenwe. Kwinkulungwane yokuqala yenkulungwane yokuqala, imibhobho yokuqala yokukhokelwa eYurophu. Kumazwe atshisayo, iityhubhu zebhafu zazisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi. I-Colonial Americans yaseMelika isebenzisa iinkuni ngenjongo efanayo. Ngo-1652, imisebenzi yokuqala yenziwa eBoston usebenzisa izingodo ezinqabileyo.
Imibhobho ye-Welding yenziwa ngokuqengqeleka kwentsimbi yentsimbi ngothotho lweerolle ezihlanjelweyo ezibumba umxholo ube sesona setyhula. Okulandelayo, umbhobho ongafakwanga ugqitha ngokwenza i-welderdes. Ezi zixhobo zitywina iziphelo ezimbini zombhobho kunye.
Kwangoko kwasekuqaleni kwe-1840, abasebenzi be-iron abasebenzi basenokuba bavelise iityhubhu ezingenamthungo. Kwindlela enye, umngxunya warhuqa ngentsimbi eqinileyo, iBillet Billet. I-Billet ke yafuduswa kwaye yatsalwa ngothotho lwezifa eziye zalusa ukwenza umbhobho. Le ndlela yayingasebenzi kuba kwakunzima ukuyisebenzisa umngxunya kwiziko. Oku kubangele ukuba kumbhobho ongalinganiyo ngelinye icala ukuba lingaphezulu kwesinye. Ngo-1888, indlela ephuculweyo yanikwa ipatent. Kule nkqubo isiseko esiqingqiweyo saphoswa ngokujikeleza isitena sokukhulisa umlilo. Xa ipholile, isitena sasuswa sishiya umngxunya embindini. Ukusukela ngoko iindlela ezintsha zeroller zithathe indawo yezi ndlela.
Uyilo
Zimbini iintlobo zemibhobho yentsimbi, enye ingenamthungo kwaye enye inomthungo omnye welding ecaleni kobude bayo. Zombini zinokusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo. Iityhubhu zethumps zihlala zilula ngakumbi, kwaye zineendonga ezincinci. Zisetyenziselwa iibhayisikile kunye nokuhambisa ulwelo. Iityhubhu ze-Semputer zinzima kwaye ziqinile. Ukungqinelana okungcono kwaye kuqhelekile. Zisetyenziselwa izinto ezinjengeendlela zegesi, iKleeli yoMbane kunye nokuSebenza. Ngokwesiqhelo, zisetyenziswa kwiimeko xa umbhobho ungabekwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Iimpahla ezingekasilwa
Izinto eziphambili ezinguRhweba kwi-Pipe Feepe Feble. Intsimbi yenziwe ngentloko. Ezinye izinyithi ezinokubakho kwi-Alloty ibandakanya i-aluminium, i-manganese, iTitanium, i-tungsten, i-dadium, ne-ziirconium. Ezinye izixhobo zokugqibela ngamanye amaxesha ziyasetyenziswa ngexesha lemveliso. Umzekelo, ipeyinti inokuba njalo.
Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa usebenzisa inkqubo ebhukuqayo kwaye ibumba i-billet eqinileyo kwindawo ye-cylindrical kwaye emva koko iqengqele de yoluliwe kwaye ivuliwe. Kuba iziko elixhonywe ngokungagungqiyo lingaqhelekanga, inqaku le-piercle le-burcet lityhala phakathi kweBillet njengoko ikhutshelwe i-billy. Kuba iziko elixhonywe ngokungagungqiyo lingaqhelekanga, inqaku le-bullet eline-burcet lityhala phakathi kweBillet njengoko iqengqeleka. Ngokwesiqhelo, isixa esikhulu seoyile sisetyenziswa kwimibhobho yentsimbi ekupheleni komgca wemveliso. Oku kunceda ukukhusela umbhobho. Ngelixa kungenjalo yinxalenye yemveliso egqityiweyo, i-sulfuric acid isetyenziswa kwinyathelo elinye lokuvelisa ukucoca umbhobho.
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso
Imibhobho yentsimbi yenziwe ziinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Indlela yemveliso iyonke kuzo zombini iinkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amathathu. Okokuqala, intsimbi evuthiweyo iguqulwe ibe yeyona fom isebenze ngakumbi. Emva koko, umbhobho usekwe umgca wemveliso oqhubekayo okanye we-semicontin. Okokugqibela, umbhobho unqunyulwe kwaye uguqulwe ukuba uhlangabezane neemfuno zomthengi. I-ping pipe yentsimbi iya kusebenzisaUmatshini wokusika i-tubeUkusika kwangaphambili okanye ukungcungcutheka kwetyhubhu ukwandisa ukhuphiswano lwee-tubs
Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa usebenzisa inkqubo ebhukuqayo kwaye ibumba i-billet eqinileyo kwindawo ye-cylindrical kwaye emva koko iqengqele de yoluliwe kwaye ivuliwe. Kuba iziko elixhonywe ngokungagungqiyo libunjwe ngokungagungqiyo, inqaku le-burcet-pierct lityhala phakathi kweBillet njengoko iqengqeleka.
Imveliso ye-Ingot
1. Molten steel is made by melting iron ore and coke (a carbon-rich substance that results when coal is heated in the absence of air) in a furnace, then removing most of the carbon by blasting oxygen into the liquid. Intsimbi ye-molten igalelwe ukuba ibe yintsimbi enkulu, enodonga lwe-bick enodonga, apho ipholile khona kwii-Unus.
2. Ukuze wenze iimveliso eziflethi njengeepleyiti kunye neemveliso ezinamashiti, okanye iimveliso ezinde ezinje ngemivalo kunye neentonga, i-rods yenziwa phakathi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Evelisa iibhloksi kunye ne-slabs
3. Ukuvelisa ibhloko, i-ingot idluliselwe kwisibini seSteeel Steed Steel esibethwayo. Ezi ntlobo zeengqungqwa zibizwa ngokuba "zii-mills ezimbini." Ngamanye amaxesha, kusetyenziswa iirolle ezintathu. I-rollers inyuke ukuze i-groovere yabo ihambelana, kwaye ihamba kwicala elahlukileyo. Intshukumo ibangela ukuba intsimbi inyibilikiswe kwaye yolule kwiziqwenga ezincitshisiweyo. Xa iirollers zibuyela umva ngumsebenzi womntu, intsimbi itsaliwe emva kokwenza ukuba ibe mncinci kwaye ixesha elide. Le nkqubo iphindaphindwayo ide inesibambi izuzisa isimo esifunayo. Ngeli xesha lenkqubo, ootshini abakhutshelwe i-manipulators bafaka intsimbi ukuze icala ngalinye liphunyezwe ngokulinganayo.
4. I-Ingots inokuthi iqengqelwe kwi-slabs kwinkqubo efanayo nenkqubo yeBloom. Intsimbi idluliselwe kwi-rolled hadlers ebiyiwo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho neengcamango ezikhulayo ecaleni ukuze zilawule ububanzi bezinqwaba. Xa intsimbi ifumana ubume obufunayo, iziphelo ezingalingani zinqunyulwe kwaye ii-slabs okanye iibhloko zinqunyulwe zibe ngamaqhekeza amafutshane. Ukulungiswa
I-5. Iibhlokhi zihlala ziqwalaselwa ngakumbi ngaphambi kokuba zenziwe kwimibhobho. Iibhloko ziguqulwa zibe zii-billets ngokuzibeka ngokuqengqeleka ngakumbi izixhobo ezenza ukuba zibe mncinci kwaye zinciphile ngakumbi. Iibhanti zisikwa ngamacebo azimiselweyo njengezikhephe ezibhabha. Ezi zi-mbini zokuhluma zohlanga olo nohlanga kunye neBillet eshukumayo kwaye basike. Oku kuvumela ukusika ngokukuko ngaphandle kokuyeka inkqubo yokwenziwa. Ezi bhasi zithathwa kwaye ziya kuba ngumbhobho ongenamthungo.
I-6. Ii-SLABs ziphinde zasebenza kwakhona. Ukubenza bomelele, baqala ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-2,200 ° F (1,204 ° C). Oku kubangela ukuba i-oxide ikhathazekile ukuba ibekwe kumphezulu we-slab. Oku kukhathazeka kwaphulwe kunye nomqhekezi wamanqanaba kunye noxinzelelo lwamanzi aphezulu. I-Slabs ithunyelwe ngothotho lweengqengqelo kwi-rollers kwi-gesi eshushu kwaye yenziwe kwimigca emincinci yentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yiSkelp. Le Milling inokuba lixesha elingangomgama. Njengoko i-slabs idlula kwiingcango, ziba mncinci kwaye ixesha elide. Ngexesha lemizuzu emithathu i-slab enye inokuguqulwa ukusuka kwi-6 kwi (15.2 cm) yentsimbi yentsimbi kwi-ribbon enentsimbi enokuba yikhiloji yekota ubude.
7. Emva kokusolula, intsimbi ikhutshelwe. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuyisebenzisa ngothotho lweetanki eziqukethe i-acid ye-sulfuric acid ukucoca intsimbi. Ukugqiba, kuyakhutshwa ngamanzi abandayo kwaye ashushu, amiswe kwaye aqengqelwe kwi-spools ezinkulu kwaye apakishwe kwizothutho kwimibhobho yokwenza umbhobho
8. Zombini i-Skelp kunye nee-billets zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imibhobho. I-Skelp yenziwa kumbhobho we-welding. Ibekwe kuqala kumatshini ongabondliyo. Njengoko i-SPOL yentsimbi ayivunyelwanga, ishushu. Intsimbi emva koko idluliselwe uthotho lweengqengqelo ze-groollers. Njengoko idlula, iirolles zibangela imiphetho ye-skelp yokuqhawula kunye. Oku kwenza umbhobho ongafakwanga.
9. Intsimbi elandelayo idlula ngokulandelayo nge-welding electrodes. Ezi zixhobo zitywina iziphelo ezimbini zombhobho kunye. Umthungo we-Weldid emva koko udluliselwa kwi-qullrist yoxinzelelo oluphezulu olunceda ukudala ilfti eqinileyo. Umbhobho ke unqunyulwe kubude obufunayo kwaye ubeke ukuqhubekeka. Umbhobho wentsimbi ye-Welding yinkqubo eqhubekayo kwaye kuxhomekeka kubungakanani bombhobho, inokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza njenge-1,100 ft (335.3 m) ngomzuzu.
10. Xa i-pipe engenamphunga iyafuneka, ii-billets ezisikwere zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa. Bashushu kwaye babumbe babe senze ubume be-cylinder, nathi babizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo. Umjikelo emva koko ubekwe kwiziko apho ishushu-ishushu-ishushu. Umjikelo oshushu emva koko uqengqeleka ngoxinzelelo olukhulu. Olu xinzelelo oluphezulu lubangela ukuba i-billle iyolule kwaye umngxunya ukwenza embindini. Kuba lo mngxunya umile ngokungahambelaniyo, inqaku le-bullet elenzelwe i-piercer ityhala phakathi kweBillet njengoko iqengqeleka. Emva kwenqanaba lokubhoboza, umbhobho usenokuba ngumgangatho ongaqhelekanga kunye nobume. Ukulungisa oku kudlule kolunye uthotho lwee-Mills.Final ukulungiswa
11. Emva kokuba uhlobo lombhobho lwenziwe, banokubekwa kumatshini oqingqiweyo. Basenokufakwa kumalungu kunye neziqwenga ezibini okanye ezingaphezulu zemibhobho zinokuqhagamshelwa. Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lokudibanisa imibhobho kunye needayimitha ezincinci zii-rooves eziqinileyo eziqingqiweyo ezinqunywe esiphelweni sombhobho. Imibhobho ikwathunyelwa ngomatshini wokulinganisa. Olu lwazi kunye nolunye idatha lolawulo olusemgangathweni luyanyibilika ngokuzenzekelayo kumbhobho. Umbhobho emva koko utshixiwe ngokukhala kweoyile okhuselayo. Uninzi lwepayipe ludla ngokunyangwa ukuba luthintele ekuthinteleni. Oku kwenziwe yi-GANvana okanye ukuyinika ukuthoka kwe-zinc. Kuxhomekeka ekusebenziseni umbhobho, ezinye iipeyinti okanye iingubo zinokusetyenziswa.
Ulawulo lwemeko
Iindidi zamanyathelo athatyathiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imibhobho yentsimbi egqityiweyo ihlangabezane neenkcazo. Umzekelo, i-X-ray Gaugus isetyenziselwa ukulawula ubukhulu bentsimbi. I-gaugus isebenza ngokusebenzisa imitha emibini ye-X. I-ray enye ijolise kwintsimbi yobukhulu obuye. Enye ijolise kwintsimbi edlulayo kwilayini yemveliso. Ukuba kukho naluphi na umahluko phakathi kwemitha emibini, igeji iya kubangela ukuphinda isebenze kwakhona kwi-rollers ukuze ihlawule.
Imibhobho iphinde ihlolwe iziphene ekupheleni kwenkqubo. Enye indlela yokuvavanya umbhobho kukusebenzisa umatshini okhethekileyo. Lo matshini ugcwalisa umbhobho ngamanzi kwaye ke yongeza uxinzelelo lokubona ukuba lubambe. Imibhobho enesiphene ibuyiselwe i-scrap.