Imibhobho yentsimbiziityhubhu ezinde, ezingenanto ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ziveliswa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukileyo ezikhokelela kumbhobho odityanisiweyo okanye ongenamthungo. Kuzo zombini iindlela, intsimbi ekrwada iphoswa kuqala kwifomu yokuqala esebenzayo. Emva koko iye yenziwa ibe ngumbhobho ngokolula intsimbi ibe ityhubhu engenamthungo okanye ukunyanzelisa imiphetho kunye nokuyitywina nge-weld. Iindlela zokuqala zokuvelisa umbhobho wensimbi zaziswa ekuqaleni kwe-1800s, kwaye ziye zaguquka ngokuthe ngcembe kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje esizisebenzisayo namhlanje. Nyaka ngamnye, izigidi zeetoni zombhobho wentsimbi ziveliswa. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kwenza ukuba ibe yeyona mveliso isetyenziswa rhoqo yimveliso yentsimbi.
Imbali
Abantu basebenzise imibhobho kangangamawaka eminyaka. Mhlawumbi into yokuqala eyayisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi bezolimo bamandulo abaphambukisa amanzi avela kwimisinga nemilambo ukuya emasimini abo. Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaTshayina asebenzisa umbhobho wengcongolo ukuhambisa amanzi kwiindawo ezinqwenelekayo kwasekuqaleni kwe2000 BC imibhobho yodongwe eyayisetyenziswa zezinye impucuko zakudala ziye zafunyanwa. Ngexesha lenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, imibhobho yokuqala yokukhokela yakhiwa eYurophu. Kumazwe ashushu, imibhobho yoqalo yayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha amanzi. AmaKoloni aseMerika asebenzisa iinkuni ngenjongo efanayo. Ngo-1652, umsebenzi wokuqala wamanzi wenziwa eBoston usebenzisa izigodo ezingenanto.
Umbhobho odityanisiweyo wenziwa ngokuqengqeleka kwemichilo yentsimbi ngothotho lweerola ezigudileyo ezibumba izinto ezibunjwe njengesetyhula. Emva koko, umbhobho ongabonakaliyo udlula nge-electrode ye-welding. Ezi zixhobo zitywina iziphelo zombini zombhobho kunye.
Kwango-1840, abasebenzi bentsimbi babesele bevelisa iityhubhu ezingenamthungo. Ngenye indlela, kwakugrunjwa umngxuma ngentsimbi eyomeleleyo, engqukuva. Ibillet yayifudunyezwa yaza yatsalwa ngothotho lweentsizi eziye zayenza yande ukuba yenze umbhobho. Le ndlela yayingasebenzi kakuhle kuba kwakunzima ukugrumba umngxuma osembindini. Oku kubangele umbhobho ongalinganiyo icala elinye libe ngqindilili kunelinye. Ngo-1888, indlela ephuculweyo yanikezelwa ngelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Kule nkqubo i-slid billed yaphoswa malunga nombindi wezitena ezingatshiyo. Xa ipholileyo, isitena sasisuswa sishiya umngxuma phakathi. Ukususela ngoko iindlela ezintsha zokuqengqeleka zithathe indawo yezi ndlela.
Yila
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zombhobho wentsimbi, enye ayinamthungo kwaye enye inomthungo omnye odityanisiweyo ngobude bayo. Zombini zinosetyenziso olwahlukileyo. Iityhubhu ezingenamthungo zihlala zikhaphukhaphu ngakumbi, kwaye zineendonga ezibhityileyo. Zisetyenziselwa iibhayisekile kunye nokuthutha ulwelo. Iityhubhu ezithungelweyo zinzima kwaye ziqinile. Ezi zinokuqina okungcono kwaye ziqhelekile ngokuthe tye. Zisetyenziselwa izinto ezifana nokuthuthwa kwegesi, i-conduit yombane kunye nemibhobho yamanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zisetyenziswe kwiimeko xa umbhobho ungafakwanga phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Iimpahla ezingekasilwa
Izinto ezisisiseko ezisisiseko kwimveliso yombhobho yintsimbi. Intsimbi yenziwe ikakhulu ngentsimbi. Ezinye iintsimbi ezinokuthi zibekhona kwi-alloy ziquka i-aluminium, i-manganese, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, kunye ne-zirconium. Ezinye izinto zokugqiba zisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha ngexesha lokuvelisa. Umzekelo, ipeyinti inokuba.
Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efudumeza kwaye ibumba ibhilethi eqinileyo kwimilo ye-cylindrical kwaye emva koko iqengqeleke de yolulwe kwaye ibe nomngxuma. Ekubeni iziko elinomngxuma limile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, indawo yokugqobhoza emile okwembumbulu ityhilizwa embindini webillet njengoko iqengqeleka.Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokufudumeza kunye nokubumba ibhilethi eqinileyo kwimilo yecylindrical kwaye emva koko uyiqengqe. ide yolulwe, igqobhozwe. Ekubeni iziko elinomngxuma limile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, indawo yokugqobhoza emile okwembumbulu ityhalwa phakathi kwebillet njengoko iqengqeleka.isetyenziswa ukuba umbhobho ugqunyiwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixabiso elincinci leoli lisetyenziswe kwimibhobho yensimbi ekupheleni komgca wokuvelisa. Oku kunceda ukukhusela umbhobho. Nangona ingeyona inxalenye yemveliso egqityiweyo, i-asidi ye-sulfuric isetyenziswe kwinqanaba elilodwa lokuvelisa ukucoca umbhobho.
Inkqubo yokuVelisa
Imibhobho yentsimbi yenziwe ngeenkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Indlela yokuvelisa iyonke kuzo zombini iinkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amathathu. Okokuqala, intsimbi ekrwada iguqulwa ibe yifomu enokusetyenzwa ngakumbi. Emva koko, umbhobho wenziwa kumgca wokuvelisa oqhubekayo okanye we-semicontinuous. Ekugqibeleni, umbhobho uyasikwa kwaye uguqulwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomthengi.
Umbhobho ongenamthungo wenziwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efudumeza kwaye ibumba ibhilethi eqinileyo kwimilo ye-cylindrical kwaye emva koko iqengqeleke de yolulwe kwaye ibe nomngxuma. Ekubeni iziko elinomngxuma limile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, indawo yokugqobhoza emile okwembumbulu ityhalelwa embindini webillet njengoko iqengqeleka.
Imveliso ye-ingot
1. Isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo senziwe ngokunyibilika kwesinyithi kunye ne-coke (i-carbon-rich substance ebangela ukuba amalahle afudunyezwe xa kungekho moya) kwisithando somlilo, emva koko kususwe i-carbon eninzi ngokuqhumisa i-oksijini emanzini. Intsimbi enyibilikisiweyo igalelwa kwizibonda zentsimbi ezinkulu nezingqindilili, apho iye iphole ibe ziingots.
2. Ukuze wenze iimveliso ezisicaba ezifana neepleyiti kunye namaphepha, okanye iimveliso ezinde ezifana nemivalo kunye neentonga, ii-ingots zenziwe phakathi kweerola ezinkulu phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ukuvelisa iintyatyambo kunye namacwecwe
3. Ukuvelisa i-bloom, i-ingot idlula kwi-roller ye-grooved steel rollers ehlanganiswe. Ezi ntlobo ze-roller zibizwa ngokuba "zii-mill-high-high". Kwezinye iimeko, kusetyenziswa ii-roller ezintathu. Ii-roller zifakwe ukwenzela ukuba i-grooves yazo ihambelane, kwaye ihamba ngeendlela ezichaseneyo. Esi senzo sibangela ukuba intsimbi icinezelwe kwaye yolulwe ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci, amade. Xa i-roller iguqulwa ngumqhubi womntu, intsimbi itsalwa ngasemva ngokuyenza ibe yincinci kwaye ibe yinde. Le nkqubo iphinda iphindwe kuze kube yilapho intsimbi ifezekisa imo efunekayo. Ebudeni bale nkqubo, oomatshini ababizwa ngokuba zii-manipulators flip intsimbi ukuze icala ngalinye licutshungulwe ngokulinganayo.
4. Ii-ingots zinokuthi zifakwe kwi-slabs kwinkqubo efana nenkqubo yokwenza i-bloom. Intsimbi igqithiswa kwiirola ezipakishweyo eziyolula. Nangona kunjalo, kukho kwakhona ii-roller ezifakwe kwicala lokulawula ububanzi bee-slabs. Xa intsimbi ifumana ubume obufunwayo, iziphelo ezingalinganiyo ziyanqunyulwa kwaye i-slabs okanye iintyatyambo zinqunyulwa zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci.
5. Iintyatyambo zilungiswa ngakumbi phambi kokuba zenziwe zibe yimibhobho. Iiblooms ziguqulwa zibe ziibhilithi ngokuzifaka kwizixhobo eziqengqelekayo ezizenza zibe nde kwaye zibe mxinwa. Iibhilithi zisikwa zizixhobo ezaziwa ngokuba zizikere ezibhabhayo. Ezi zipere ezidityanisiweyo ezibaleka kunye nebhilethi eshukumayo kwaye ziyinqumle. Oku kuvumela ukusikwa okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokumisa inkqubo yokuvelisa. Ezi billets zipakishwe kwaye ekugqibeleni ziya kuba ngumbhobho ongenamthungo.
6. Ii-slabs nazo ziyasetyenzwa kwakhona. Ukuze zibe lula, ziqale zifudunyezwe zibe yi-2,200° F (1,204° C). Oku kubangela ukugquma kwe-oxide kwi-slab ebusweni. Olu gquba luqhawukile ngeqhekeza lesikali kunye nokutshiza kwamanzi ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Amacwecwe ke athunyelwa ngothotho lweerola kwisingqusho esishushu aze enziwe abe yimicu ebhityileyo yentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yi-skelp. Eli sila linokuba lide kangangesiqingatha semayile. Njengoko ii-slabs zidlula kwii-roller, ziba zincinci kwaye zide. Kwisithuba esimalunga nemizuzu emithathu i-slab enye inokuguqulwa ukusuka kwi-6 in (15.2 cm) yentsimbi eshinyeneyo ukuya kwiribhoni yentsimbi ecekethekileyo enokuba yikota yeemayile ubude.
7. Emva kokwelula, intsimbi ixutywe. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuyiqhuba ngoluhlu lweetanki eziqulethe i-asidi ye-sulfuric ukucoca isinyithi. Ukugqiba, ihlanjululwe ngamanzi abandayo nashushu, yomiswe kwaye emva koko ihlanganiswe kwi-spools enkulu kwaye ipakishwe ukuze ihanjiswe kwindawo yokwenza umbhobho.
8. Zombini i-skelp kunye neebhilethi zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imibhobho. I-Skelp yenziwe kumbhobho odityanisiweyo. Iqala ibekwe kumatshini wokukhulula. Njengoko i-spool yentsimbi ingabonakali, iyafudumala. Emva koko intsimbi idluliswa kuluhlu lwe-grooved rollers. Njengoko idlula, i-roller ibangela ukuba imiphetho ye-skelp idibanise. Oku kwenza umbhobho ongadityaniswanga.
9. Intsimbi elandelayo idlula nge-electrode ye-welding. Ezi zixhobo zitywina iziphelo zombini zombhobho kunye. Umthungo odityanisiweyo ugqithiswa kwi-roller yoxinzelelo oluphezulu olunceda ukudala i-weld eqinile. Umbhobho ke emva koko usikwe kubude obufunwayo kwaye upakishwe ukuze kuqhutyekwe phambili. Umbhobho wensimbi odityanisiweyo yinkqubo eqhubekayo kwaye kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bombhobho, unokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwe-1,100 ft (335.3 m) ngomzuzu.
10. Xa ipayipi engenamthungo iyadingeka, iibhilidi zesikwere zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa. Ziyafudunyezwa kwaye zibunjwe ukwenza i-cylinder shape, ebizwa ngokuba yingqukuva. Umjikelo ke ufakwa kwiziko apho kufudunyezwe mhlophe-shushu. Umjikelo ofudumeleyo ke uqengqwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu. Olu xinzelelo oluphezulu lubangela ukuba i-billet yolule kwaye umngxuma wenze phakathi. Kuba lo mngxuma ubume ngendlela engaqhelekanga, indawo yokugqobhoza emile okwembumbulu ityhalelwa embindini webillet njengoko iqengqeleka. Emva kwenqanaba lokubhoboza, umbhobho usenobunzima obungaqhelekanga kunye nokumila. Ukulungisa oku kugqithwa kolunye uthotho lwee-mills.Ukuqhubekeka kokugqibela
11. Emva kokuba naluphi na uhlobo lombhobho olwenziweyo, banokufakwa kumatshini wokulungisa. Basenokufakelwe amalungu ukuze iziqwenga ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zombhobho ziqhagamshelwe. Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokudibanisa kwimibhobho ene-diameters encinci i-threading-i-grooves eqinile enqunywe ekupheleni kombhobho. Imibhobho nayo ithunyelwa ngomatshini wokulinganisa. Olu lwazi kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zokulawula umgangatho zifakwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwipayipi. Umbhobho ke utshizwe ngengubo ekhanyayo yeoli ekhuselayo. Uninzi lwemibhobho ivamise ukunyangwa ukunqanda ukuba ungavuthwa. Oku kwenziwa ngokuyigalela okanye ukuyinika ityathanga le-zinc. Ngokuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni umbhobho, ezinye iipeyinti okanye iingubo zingasetyenziswa.
Ulawulo lwemeko
Amanyathelo ahlukeneyo athathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbhobho wensimbi ogqityiweyo udibana neenkcukacha. Umzekelo, i-x-ray gauges isetyenziselwa ukulawula ubukhulu bentsimbi. Iigeyiji zisebenza ngokusebenzisa ii-x ray ezimbini. Umtha omnye ujongiswe kwintsimbi yokuqina okwaziwayo. Enye iqondiswe kwintsimbi edlulayo kumgca wokuvelisa. Ukuba kukho nawuphi na umahluko phakathi kwemitha emibini, igeyiji iya kubangela ngokuzenzekelayo ukutshintshwa kweeroli ukubuyisela.
Imibhobho nayo ihlolwe iziphene ekupheleni kwenkqubo. Enye indlela yokuvavanya umbhobho kukusebenzisa umatshini okhethekileyo. Lo matshini ugcwalisa umbhobho ngamanzi uze unyuse uxinzelelo ukuze ubone ukuba uyawubamba na. Imibhobho eneziphene ibuyiswa ukuze isetyenziswe.